GPU

Mapping Memory

First, to map a memory region on the GPU Address Space, caching needs to be disabled by using svcSetMemoryAttribute. The Address passed is the Virtual Address of the region that will be mapped, the size is the region size, and State0/1 are both set to 8 to disable caching of the memory region. This is done to ensure that the GPU can actually "see" the data written there, and it doesn't get stuck on some cache.

Then, NVMAP_IOC_CREATE is used to create a nvmap object with the desired size. After, NVMAP_IOC_ALLOC is used to allocate the memory on the GPU Address Space, and map data on the process Address Space into the GPU Address Space, by passing the Virtual Address as the input addr parameter, and also the Handle returned from NVMAP_IOC_CREATE. Lastly, the actual mapping is done by using NVGPU_AS_IOCTL_MAP_BUFFER_EX, and the GPU Virtual Address is returned on the offset parameter. It's also possible to manually set the offset where the mapping should be made on the GPU Address Space, by passing the address on the "offset" parameter, and setting the bit 0 of the flags parameter to 1. However, for this to work, the desired GPU Virtual Address needs to be previously reserved using NVGPU_AS_IOCTL_ALLOC_SPACE.

The above process is used to map all data that will be used by the GPU, like Textures, Command Lists (a.k.a. Push Buffers), Vertex/Index buffers and Shaders. They usually have their own mapping, but Command Lists can share the same mapping.

FIFO Commands

The GPU implements a variation of Tegra's push buffer format for it's PFIFO engine. PFIFO is a special engine responsible for receiving user command lists and routing them to the appropriate engines (2D, 3D, DMA).

Commands are submitted to the GPU's PFIFO engine through NVGPU_IOCTL_CHANNEL_SUBMIT_GPFIFO.

This ioctl takes an array of gpfifo entries where each entry points to a FIFO command list. This list is composed of alternating 32-bit words containing FIFO commands and their respective arguments.

See the GPU page for a list of commands, with the register addresses and their descriptions.

Command Structure

Bits	Description
12-0	Method
15-13	Subchannel
27-16	Argument count (in 32-bits Words) or inline data (see below)
28?	Hmm?
31-29	Submission mode

Note: Methods are treated as 4-byte addressable locations, and hence their numbers are written down multiplied by 4.

Note: The command's arguments, when present, follow the command word immediately.

Submission mode

Mode	Description	Offical name
0	Increasing mode (old)
1	Increasing mode - Tells PFIFO to read as much arguments as specified by argument count, while automatically incrementing the method value. This means that each argument will be written to a different method location.	INCR
2	Non-increasing mode (old)
3	Non-increasing mode - Tells PFIFO to read as much arguments as specified by argument count. However, all arguments will be written to the same method location.	NONINCR
4	Inline mode - Tells PFIFO to read inline data from bits 28-16 of the command word, thus eliminating the need to pass additional words for the arguments.	IMM
5	Increase-once mode - Tells PFIFO to read as much arguments as specified by argument count and automatically increments the method value once only.

SetObject

In order to bind an engine object to a specific subchannel, method 0 (SetObject) must be used first. The target subchannel is specified in bits 15-13 of the command word.

After the engine object is bound to the desired subchannel, setting it's value in bits 15-13 of any subsequent command word will make PFIFO forward the command to the target engine.

This method only takes one argument, an Engine ID.

Engine IDs

ID	Engine
0x902D	FERMI_TWOD_A (2D)
0xB197	MAXWELL_B (3D)
0xB1C0	MAXWELL_COMPUTE_B
0xA140	KEPLER_INLINE_TO_MEMORY_B
0xB0B5	MAXWELL_DMA_COPY_A (DMA)

Macro

Macros are small programs that can be uploaded to the gpu and are capable of reading and writing to the 3D engine registers on the GPU. The macros also accepts parameters, stored on a FIFO. Macros can be called using methods starting at 0xe00, where the first method triggers the macro execution, and the second one is used to push parameters to the FIFO, that can be read from the macro program using a instruction called parm. This instruction pops the FIFO and reads the next parameter, while also allowing programs to use a variable number of parameters if desired.

The first parameter is written to 0xe00 + n * 2 (where n is the macro index), and all subsequent parameters should be pushed to the FIFO using 0xe01 + n * 2. The first parameter is placed at the general purpose register R1 in the macro program when execution starts.

Official games uses those macros to conditionally write registers, one example of such uses is the macro at 0xe24, that is used to set shader registers (including shader address and binding the c1 Constant Buffer to the shader). In some cases, it's also used to set registers unconditionally.

Fences

Command lists can contain fences to ensure that commands are executed on the correct order, and subsequent commands are only sent when the previously sent commands were already processed by the GPU. Fences uses the QUERY_* commands, and works like this:

• First, register ReportSemaphoreOffset is set to High/Low 32 bits part of the 64-bits GPU Virtual Address where the fence is located. This GPU Virtual Address needs to be mapped to the process Virtual Address beforehand.
• Then, ReportSemaphorePayload is set with a sequential number. This number is basically a incrementing counter, so the first Command List can set ReportSemaphorePayload = 1, the next one to 2, then 3, 4... and so on.
• Finally, ReportSemaphoreControl is added and contains the mode and other unknown data.

The above commands are added using the increasing mode, since all those 4 registers are sequential.

Official games sets Operation to 0 (Release), bit 4 to 1, bits 15-12 (Unit) to 0xF, and bit 28 to 1 (OneWord). The ReportSemaphorePayload value is then written by the GPU to the address pointed to by ReportSemaphoreOffset. On the CPU side, the game code should wait until the value at the address pointed to by ReportSemaphoreOffset is >= to the last written value. Official code waits for this condition to be true on a loop, and won't send any further commands before that.

Vertex Data Submission

Note: This is a observation on how the game Puyo Puyo Tetris sends textured squares to the GPU.

1. VERTEX_ATTRIB_FORMAT (0-15) are set (only the first 3 are really used, the rest are set float, with Size = 1 and offset at 0).
2. VERTEX_ARRAY_FETCH (0) is set with the lower 12 bits set to 0x1c (Stride) and bit 12 to 1 (Enabled).
3. VERTEX_ARRAY_START_HIGH/LOW (0) are set to the GPU Virtual Address where the Vertex Data is located.
4. VERTEX_ARRAY_LIMIT_HIGH/LOW (0) are set to the GPU Virtual Address where the Vertex Data is located, plus the Vertex Data size in bytes minus 1.
5. VERTEX_BEGIN_GL is used with the primitive type set to TRIANGLE_STRIP.
6. VERTEX_BUFFER_FIRST with value 0 (indicating the index of the first primitive to render?).
7. VERTEX_BUFFER_COUNT is set to 4, because the Vertex Buffer with the square has 4 vertices.
8. VERTEX_END_GL is used with value 0 (currently unknown what this value means).

Texture View

Texture information such as address, format and size is sent to the GPU through a structure know as Texture View (a.k.a. Texture Image Control, or TIC). Each texture that the game uses needs a separate TIC, and those TICs are written to a table, one after the other. Each TIC entry has 0x20 bytes, and is composed of 8 32-bits words where the texture information is packed.

The index of the TIC entries that should be used by the shader is sent to the GPU with the CB_POS/CB_DATA (0) methods. Games usually follows the following steps to write the TIC entry indexes:

• Macro 0xe1a is used to set CB_ADDRESS_HIGH/LOW registers to the GPU Virtual Address of the Constant Buffer set on the register 0x982 (the Texture Constant Buffer index register), and also sets CB_SIZE.
• CB_POS is used to set the write offset of the Constant Buffer to n * 4, where n is the index of the Handle being used on the shader program (this index starts at 8, so CB_POS should be at least 8 * 4 = 0x20).
• CB_DATA (0) method is used to write the value into the Constant Buffer. The value is a Handle where the lower 20 bits is the TIC index, and the higher 12 bits is the TSC (Texture Sampler Control) index.

The address of a given TIC entry can be calculates as:

tic_entry_address = tic_base_address + tic_index * 0x20

Where tic_base_address is the address written to TIC_ADDRESS_HIGH/LOW (methods 0x1574 and 0x1578), tic_index is the lower 20 bits of the word written into the Const Buffer with CB_DATA (0), and 0x20 is the size of each TIC entry in bytes.

The texture is accessed on the shader using one of the texture sampling instructions (usually the TEXS instruction). One of the parameters for this instruction is the Handle index. This index start at 8, so the index 8 will access the handle at 8 * 4 = 0x20 on the Texture Constant Buffer. Each shader stage has a separate Constant Buffer, so for fragment shaders, this is located at CB_ADDRESS + 4 * CB_SIZE + TEXS_index * 4 (where the first 4 is the index of the fragment shader stage, and the second 4 is the size of a word, 4 bytes).

TIC Structure

Word	Bits	Description
0	6-0	Texture Format
0	9-7	R Channel Data Type
0	12-10	G Channel Data Type
0	15-13	B Channel Data Type
0	18-16	A Channel Data Type
1	31-0	Lower 32-bits of the Texture GPU Virtual Address
2	15-0	Higher 16-bits of the Texture GPU Virtual Address
4	15-0	Texture Width minus 1
5	15-0	Texture Height minus 1

Channel Data Type

Value	Type
1	SNORM
2	UNORM
3	SINT
4	UINT
5	SNORM_FORCE_FP16
6	UNORM_FORCE_FP16
7	FLOAT

References

FIFO engine overview: [1]

Method values from the Fermi family GPU (a bit older than the Tegra X1, but values seems to be mostly the same): [2]

TIC structure used on a Maxwell GPU: [3]

Values for some types used on the above XML: [4]

Command word packing code used on Mesa3d: [5]

TIC entry pack/write code used on Mesa3d: [6]