Nintendo Switch Brew

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= NAND structure =
= NAND structure =
The Switch's eMMC storage features a large user area, two smaller boot partitions, and a replay-protected memory block which is unused (no authentication key is programmed).
The Switch's eMMC storage features a large user area, two smaller boot partitions and a replay-protected memory block which is unused (no authentication key is programmed).
 
All official partition names come from [[SystemInitializer]].


== Boot Partitions ==
== Boot Partitions ==


'''Boot Partition 0 (0 of 1)'''
'''Boot Partition 0 (0 of 1)'''
The official name for this partition is "BootPartition1Root" and it has [[Filesystem_services|Bis]] Partition ID == 0.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
Line 13: Line 18:
|  0x000000
|  0x000000
|  0x4000
|  0x4000
|  Title 0100000000000819 BCT
|  Normal Firmware [[BCT|BCT]] from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 0100000000000819]]
|-
|-
|  0x004000
|  0x004000
|  0x4000
|  0x4000
|  Title 010000000000081A BCT
|  SafeMode Firmware [[BCT|BCT]] from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 010000000000081A]]
|-
|-
|  0x008000
|  0x008000
|  0x4000
|  0x4000
|  Title 0100000000000819 BCT
|  Normal Firmware [[BCT|BCT]] from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 0100000000000819]] (backup)
|-
|-
|  0x00C000
|  0x00C000
|  0x4000
|  0x4000
|  Title 010000000000081A BCT
|  SafeMode Firmware [[BCT|BCT]] from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 010000000000081A]] (backup)
|-
|  0x010000
|  0xEC000
|  59 additional BCTs, normally unused/empty on retail systems.
|-
|  0x0FC000
|  0x4000
|  [[#System Update Control|System Update Control area]]
|-
|-
|  0x100000
|  0x100000
|  0x40000
|  0x40000
|  Title 0100000000000819 "package1"
|  Normal Firmware [[Package1|package1]] from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 0100000000000819]]
|-
|-
|  0x140000
|  0x140000
|  0x40000
|  0x40000
|  Title 0100000000000819 "package1" (Backup)
|  Normal Firmware [[Package1|package1]] from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 0100000000000819]] (backup)
|-
|-
|  0x180000
|  0x180000
|  0x4000
|  0x4000
|  Keyblob area
|  [[#Keyblob|Keyblob area]]
|-
|-
|  0x184000
|  0x184000
|  0x20
|  0x200
|  Unknown pseudorandom data, often changes on reboot. All zero on 1.0.
|  [2.0.0+] [[#NAND Patrol|NAND Patrol area]]
|-
|  0x184020
| 0x8?
| Increments on every boot until hitting a certain number? Bottom 10 bits (0x3FF) are always zero. All zero on 1.0.
|}
|}


'''Boot Partition 1 (1 of 1)'''
'''Boot Partition 1 (1 of 1)'''
The official name for this partition is "BootPartition2Root" and it has [[Filesystem_services|Bis]] Partition ID == 10.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
Line 57: Line 69:
|  0x000000
|  0x000000
|  0x40000
|  0x40000
|  Title 010000000000081A "package1"
|  SafeMode Firmware [[Package1|package1]] from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 010000000000081A]]
|-
|-
|  0x040000
|  0x040000
|  0x40000
|  0x40000
|  Title 010000000000081A "package1" (Backup)
|  SafeMode Firmware [[Package1|package1]] from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 010000000000081A]] (backup)
|-
|-
|  0x080000
|  0x080000
|  0x40000
|  0x40000
|
| Reserved
|-
|-
|  0x0C0000
|  0x0C0000
|  0x40000
|  0x40000
|
| Reserved
|}
 
=== System Update Control ===
The 0x4000 bytes at offset 0xFC000 are used by [[NS_Services|NS]] and [[Boot|boot]] for keeping track of the status of a system update. This area is used by the [[NS_Services#ns:su|ISystemUpdateControl]] commands "ApplyDownloadedUpdate", "ApplyCardUpdate" and "ApplyReceivedUpdate".
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!  Offset
!  Size
!  Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x1
| BootImages status. Set to 1 by [[NS_Services|NS]] during a system update and cleared by [[Boot|boot]] after restarting.
|-
| 0x1
| 0x1
| BootImagesSafe status. Set to 1 by [[NS_Services|NS]] during a system update and cleared by [[Boot|boot]] after restarting.
|}
|}


=== Keyblob ===
=== Keyblob ===
Starting at offset 0x180000 is an array of 0x200-byte entries, for a total of 32 keyblobs. Each one is unique compared to the others and they are all console unique. This is officially known as the "EKS" (encryption key source) area.
From each 0x200-byte entry only the first 0xB0 bytes effectively form the keyblob as below.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
Line 81: Line 115:
| 0x0
| 0x0
| 0x10
| 0x10
| Keyblob AES-CMAC over the remaining 0xA0-bytes (Checked with a mem-diff function which is safe against timing attacks, calls the general panic() func on failure)
| Keyblob AES-CMAC over the next 0xA0 bytes (safe against timing attacks)
|-
|-
| 0x10
| 0x10
Line 96: Line 130:
|}
|}


Decrypted Keydata format:
The active bootloader's version (offset 0x2330 in the BCT) acts as an index to control which keyblob should be installed into the system.
[[NS_Services|NS]] uses this during system updates to install the keyblob into the [[BCT#customer_data|customer data]] section in BCTs (offset 0x450).
 
[[Boot]] also uses this index for repairing corrupt sectors.
 
The currently active keyblob is officially known as "SecureInfo".
 
=== NAND Patrol ===
The 0x200 bytes at offset 0x184000 are used by [[Filesystem_services|FS]] for keeping track of NAND patrolling.


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
! Offset
! Offset
! Size
! Size
! Description
! Description
|-
|-
| 0x0
| 0x0
| 0x80
| 0x20
| Array of master static key encryption keys
| HMAC-SHA-256 over the next 0x1E0 bytes
|-
| 0x20
| 0x4
| Last patrolled NAND block's offset
|-
|-
| 0x80
| 0x24
| 0x10
| 0x4
| [[Package1|Stage 2]] key
| NAND patrol count
|-
| 0x28
| 0x1D8
| Unused, all-zero.
|}
|}
Starting at 0x180000 is an array of 0x200-byte entries, for a total of 32 keyblobs. Each one is unique compared to the others. They are all console unique.
The 0xB0-byte keyblob is installed to the "customer data" section in BCTs (BCT+0x450).
BCT offset 0x2330 is the field controlling which keyblob gets used. NS uses this to inject the appropriate keyblob on system update. [[Boot]] also uses this index for repairing corrupt sectors.
With [ [[3.0.0]] ] index 2 is used instead of index 1.
With [ [[3.0.1]] + ] index 3 is used instead of index 2.
The Tegra 210 BCT format can be found in nvidia's cbootimage [https://github.com/thierryreding/tegra-avp/blob/35f467996e532357db54894c975acab93293d219/include/avp/tegra210/bct.h#L521]


== User Partitions ==
== User Partitions ==
Line 132: Line 170:
!  Size
!  Size
!  [[Filesystem_services|Bis]] Partition ID
!  [[Filesystem_services|Bis]] Partition ID
!  Encrypted
!  Description
!  Description
|-
|-
Line 138: Line 177:
|   
|   
|  20
|  20
|  GPT header, Bis-storage also allows raw access to the entire NAND eMMC sectors starting at sector0.
|  No
|  GPT header, Bis-storage also allows raw access to the entire NAND eMMC sectors starting at sector0. The official name for this partition is "UserDataRoot".
|-
|-
|  PRODINFO
|  [[Calibration|PRODINFO]]
|  0x00004400
|  0x00004400
|  0x003FBC00
|  0x003FBC00
|  27
|  27
|  "CAL0" raw partition containing set:cal data.
|  Yes (Bis key 0)
|  "CAL0" raw partition containing set:cal data. The official name for this partition is "CalibrationBinary".
|-
|-
|  PRODINFOF
|  [[Calibration|PRODINFOF]]
|  0x00400000
|  0x00400000
|  0x00400000
|  0x00400000
|  28
|  28
|  FAT12 filesystem, additional calibration.
|  Yes (Bis key 0)
|  FAT12 filesystem, additional calibration. The official name for this partition is "CalibrationFile".
|-
|-
|  BCPKG2-1-Normal-Main
|  BCPKG2-1-Normal-Main
Line 156: Line 198:
|  0x00800000
|  0x00800000
|  21
|  21
|  For all these packages, data starts at offset 0x4000 and is not console-unique. This is installed from "package2" in firmware package A (0100000000000819) by default. With the exFAT update installed, this is switched to firmware package C (010000000000081B). The data stored here matches the raw /nx/package2 file stored in the 81[9AB] data archives -- there is no additional encryption.
|  No
|  Raw partition where the first 0x4000 bytes (usually empty) contain the [[BootConfig]] and the remaining space contains the [[Package2|package2]] image from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 0100000000000819]] by default. With the exFAT update installed, the [[Package2|package2]] image is switched to the one from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 010000000000081B]]. The official name for this partition is "BootConfigAndPackage2Part1".
|-
|-
|  BCPKG2-2-Normal-Sub
|  BCPKG2-2-Normal-Sub
Line 162: Line 205:
|  0x00800000
|  0x00800000
|  22
|  22
|  Identical to BCPKG2-1-Normal-Main, probably used as a backup partition.
|  No
|  Backup partition for BCPKG2-1-Normal-Main. The official name for this partition is "BootConfigAndPackage2Part2".
|-
|-
|  BCPKG2-3-SafeMode-Main
|  BCPKG2-3-SafeMode-Main
Line 168: Line 212:
|  0x00800000
|  0x00800000
|  23
|  23
|  This is installed from "package2" in firmware package B (010000000000081A).
|  No
|  Raw partition where the first 0x4000 bytes (usually empty) contain the [[BootConfig]] and the remaining space contains the [[Package2|package2]] image from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 010000000000081A]] by default. On [4.0.0+] and with the exFAT update installed, the [[Package2|package2]] image is switched to the one from [[Title_list#System_Data_Archives|Title 010000000000081C]]. The official name for this partition is "BootConfigAndPackage2Part3".
|-
|-
|  BCPKG2-4-SafeMode-Sub
|  BCPKG2-4-SafeMode-Sub
Line 174: Line 219:
|  0x00800000
|  0x00800000
|  24
|  24
|  Identical to BCPKG2-3-SafeMode-Main.
|  No
|  Backup partition for BCPKG2-3-SafeMode-Main. The official name for this partition is "BootConfigAndPackage2Part4".
|-
|-
|  BCPKG2-5-Repair-Main
|  BCPKG2-5-Repair-Main
Line 180: Line 226:
|  0x00800000
|  0x00800000
|  25
|  25
|  Installed at the factory.
|  No
|  Installed at the factory, never written afterwards on retail. In one case this is identical to normal [[1.0.0]] [[Package2|package2]], except this has encrypted data at the end padded for 0x1000-byte alignment. The official name for this partition is "BootConfigAndPackage2Part5".
|-
|-
|  BCPKG2-6-Repair-Sub
|  BCPKG2-6-Repair-Sub
Line 186: Line 233:
|  0x00800000
|  0x00800000
|  26
|  26
|  Identical to BCPKG2-5-Repair-Main.
|  No
|  Backup partition for BCPKG2-5-Repair-Main. The official name for this partition is "BootConfigAndPackage2Part6".
|-
|-
|  SAFE
|  SAFE
Line 192: Line 240:
|  0x04000000
|  0x04000000
|  29
|  29
|  FAT32 filesystem.
|  Yes (Bis key 1)
|  FAT32 filesystem. The official name for this partition is "SafeMode".
|-
|-
|  SYSTEM
|  SYSTEM
|  0x07800000  
|  0x07800000  
|  0xA0000000
|  0xA0000000
|  31 (and 32?)
|  31, 32 and 33
|  FAT32 filesystem.
|  Yes (Bis key 2)
|  FAT32 filesystem. The official names for these partitions are "System", "SystemProperEncryption" and "SystemProperPartition".
|-
|-
|  USER
|  USER
Line 204: Line 254:
|  0x680000000
|  0x680000000
|  30
|  30
|  Yes (Bis key 3)
|  FAT32 filesystem.
|  FAT32 filesystem.
|-
|-
Line 210: Line 261:
| 0x200
| 0x200
|  
|  
| This is the backup GPT header specified by the main GPT header. This is also the last sector readable with Bis-storage paritionID 20.
| No
|  This is the backup GPT header specified by the main GPT header. This is also the last sector readable with Bis-storage paritionID 20.
|}
|}


If the client process lacks the relevant permission for any of the above partition IDs, error 0x2EE202 is returned.
If the client process lacks the relevant permission for any of the above partition IDs, error 0x2EE202 is returned.


[[NCA]]s stored in NAND are raw, identical to the data readable with [[Content_Manager_services#ReadEntryRaw]].
[[NCA]]s stored in NAND are raw, identical to the data readable with [[NCM_services#ReadContentIdFile]].


The filenames for saveimages is just "<lower-case hex u64 saveID>". SYSTEM-partition saveIDs are specified by [[Filesystem_services|FS]] commands, while USER-partition saveIDs are determined by FS-module internally. The high u32 of the saveID is normally either 0x00000000 or 0x80000000.
The filenames for saveimages is just "<lower-case hex u64 saveID>". SYSTEM-partition saveIDs are specified by [[Filesystem_services|FS]] commands, while USER-partition saveIDs are determined by FS-module internally. The high u32 of the saveID is normally either 0x00000000 or 0x80000000.
Encrypted partitions use AES-XTS using the same non-standard tweak (tweak[0] = sectorIdx[MSB] .. tweak[15] = sectorIdx[LSB], if using 32bit sectorIdx that means tweak[0]..tweak[11] are 0, with tweak[12]..tweak[15] containing big-endian sectorIdx) as other Nintendo AES-XTS code, initial_sector = 0, and sector size 0x4000. All encrypted partitions use console unique keydata.


=== PRODINFOF ===
=== PRODINFOF ===
Line 299: Line 353:


{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! SaveID || Owner || Notes
! SaveID || Owner || Mount || Notes
|-
| 0x8000000000000000 || fs || <nowiki>saveDataIxrDb:/</nowiki>, <nowiki>saveDataIxrDbSf:/</nowiki>, <nowiki>saveDataIxrDbPr:/</nowiki>, <nowiki>saveDataIxrDbSd:/</nowiki> || Contains [[IMKV|imkvdb.arc]] and "lastPublishedId".
|-
| 0x8000000000000010 || account || <nowiki>account:/</nowiki> || Account database.
|-
| 0x8000000000000011 || account || <nowiki>idgen:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000020 || nfc || <nowiki>data:/</nowiki> || NFC data and backups.
|-
| 0x8000000000000030 || ns || <nowiki>mii:/</nowiki> || Mii database.
|-
| 0x8000000000000031 || ns || <nowiki>mii:/</nowiki> || Mii test mode database.
|-
| 0x8000000000000040 || ns || <nowiki>apprecdb:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000041 || ns || <nowiki>nsaccache:/</nowiki> || Home menu icondata/lru list for recently played games.
|-
| 0x8000000000000043 || ns || <nowiki>ns_appman:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000044 || ns || <nowiki>ns_sysup:/</nowiki> || Content update context.
|-
| 0x8000000000000045 || ns || <nowiki>vmdb:/</nowiki> || Required Version List storage. Also contained Version List storage before 7.0.0.
|-
| 0x8000000000000046 || ns || <nowiki>dtlman:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000047 || ns || <nowiki>ns_exfat:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000048 || ns || <nowiki>ns_systemseed:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000049 || ns || <nowiki>ns_ssversion:/</nowiki> || Safe System version.
|-
| 0x8000000000000050 || settings || <nowiki>SystemSettings:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000051 || settings || <nowiki>FwdbgSettingsS:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000052 || settings || <nowiki>PrivateSettings:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000053 || settings || <nowiki>DeviceSettings:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000054 || settings || <nowiki>ApplnSettings:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000060 || ssl || <nowiki>SslSave:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000070 || nim || <nowiki>nim_sys:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000071 || nim || <nowiki>nim_net:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000072 || nim || <nowiki>nim_tmp:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000073 || nim || <nowiki>nim_dac:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000074 || nim || <nowiki>nim_delta:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000075 || nim || <nowiki>nim_vac:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000076 || nim || <nowiki>nim_local:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000077 || nim || <nowiki>nim_lsys:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000078 || nim || <nowiki>nim_eca_dbg:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000080 || friends || <nowiki>friends:/</nowiki> || Per-user savedata.
|-
| 0x8000000000000081 || friends || <nowiki>friends-sys:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000082 || friends || <nowiki>friends-image:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000090 || bcat || <nowiki>news:/</nowiki> || Actual news msgpack archives.
|-
| 0x8000000000000091 || bcat || <nowiki>news-sys:/</nowiki> || News metadata, tasklist, history, database, required system version, etc.
|-
| 0x8000000000000092 || bcat || <nowiki>news-dl:/</nowiki> || Storage for newly(?) downloaded news list/data.
|-
| 0x80000000000000A0 || bcat || <nowiki>prepo-sys:/</nowiki> || Play Report system information.
|-
| 0x80000000000000A1 || bcat || <nowiki>prepo:/</nowiki> || Play Report msgpack archives.
|-
| 0x80000000000000A2 || bcat || <nowiki>prepo-ap:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x80000000000000B0 || bsdsockets || <nowiki>nsdsave:/</nowiki> || Socket configuration saved data.
|-
| 0x80000000000000C1 || bcat || <nowiki>bcat-sys:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x80000000000000C2 || bcat || <nowiki>bcat-dl:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x80000000000000D1 || erpt || <nowiki>save:/</nowiki> || Contains "/journal" report listing + actual crash reports ("/%08x-%04x-%04x-%02x%02x-%04x%08x"), which are serialized via [http://msgpack.org/ MsgPack].
|-
| 0x80000000000000E0 || es || <nowiki>escertificate:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x80000000000000E1 || es || <nowiki>escommon:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x80000000000000E2 || es || <nowiki>espersonalized:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x80000000000000E3 || es || <nowiki>esmetarecord:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x80000000000000E4 || es || <nowiki>eselicense:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x80000000000000F0 || ns || <nowiki>pdm:/</nowiki> || Play Data log. Per-user savedata.
|-
| 0x8000000000000100 || pctl || <nowiki>pctlss:/</nowiki> || Parental Control settings.
|-
| 0x8000000000000110 || npns || <nowiki>npns_save:/</nowiki> || Push notifications persistent storage.
|-
| 0x8000000000000120 || ncm || ? || meta/[[IMKV|imkvdb.arc]] for system partition. Cache of data extracted from the [[CNMT]] for installed firmware titles (including 816).
|-
| 0x8000000000000121 || ncm || ? || meta/[[IMKV|imkvdb.arc]] for user partition. Cache of data extracted from the [[CNMT]] for installed game, update, and DLC titles.
|-
| 0x8000000000000122 || || ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000130 || migration || <nowiki>state:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000131 || migration || <nowiki>context:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000140 || capsrv || <nowiki>TM:/</nowiki> ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000150 || olsc || ? ||
|-
| 0x8000000000000180 || sdb || ? || Version list was moved here in 7.0.0 or 7.0.1
|-
| 0x8000000000001010 || qlaunch || || Contains "savedata.dat".
|-
| 0x8000000000001020 || swkbd || || Per-user savedata.
|-
| 0x8000000000001040 || miiEdit || ||
|-
| 0x8000000000001050 || miiEdit || || Contains "database.dat". Possibly Mii data and Mii texture data?
|-
| 0x8000000000001060 || shop || ||
|-
| 0x8000000000001061 || shop || || Per-user savedata.
|-
| 0x8000000000001070 || web || ||
|-
| 0x8000000000001071 || web || || Per-user savedata.
|-
| 0x8000000000001091 || loginShare || || Per-user savedata.
|-
|-
| 0x8000000000000092 || bcat? ||  
| 0x80000000000010B0 || playerSelect || || Contains "savedata.dat". Per-user savedata.
|-
|-
| 0x80000000000000d1 || erpt || Contains "/journal" report listing + actual crash reports ("/%08x-%04x-%04x-%02x%02x-%04x%08x"), which are serialized via [http://msgpack.org/ MsgPack].
| 0x80000000000010C0 || myPage || || Per-user savedata.
|}
|}
Retrieved from "https://switchbrew.org/wiki/Flash_Filesystem"