NPDM

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This is the Switch equivalent of 3DS exheader. This is the file with extension ".npdm" in {Switch ExeFS}. The size of this file varies.

Offset Size Description
0x0 0x80 META
0x80 <Varies> ACID
<See META> <See META> ACI0

META

Offset Size Description
0x0 0x4 Magicnum "META"
0x4 0x8 Reserved
0xC 0x1 Flags (bit0 = Is64BitInstruction, bit1 = AddressSpace64BitOld, bit2 = AddressSpace32Bit, bit3 = AddressSpace32BitNoReserved, bit4 = AddressSpace64Bit)
0xD 0x1 Reserved
0xE 0x1 MainThreadPriority (0-63)
0xF 0x1 MainThreadCoreNumber
0x10 0x4 Reserved
0x14 0x4 [3.0.0+] System resource (PersonalMmHeap) size (max size as of 5.x: 534773760)
0x18 0x4 Version (0 for all titles prior to 8.1.0, 1 for certain titles since).
0x1C 0x4 MainThreadStackSize (Must be aligned to 0x1000. In non-nspwn scenarios, values of 0 can also rarely break in Horizon. This might be something auto-adapting or a security feature of some sort?)
0x20 0x10 Title name (usually/always "Application")
0x30 0x10 Product code (usually/always all zeroes)
0x40 0x30 Reserved
0x70 0x4 #ACI0 offset
0x74 0x4 #ACI0 size
0x78 0x4 #ACID offset
0x7C 0x4 #ACID size

ACID

Offset Size Description
0x0 0x100 RSA-2048 signature over the data starting at 0x100 with the size field from 0x204
0x100 0x100 RSA-2048 public key for the second NCA signature
0x200 0x4 Magicnum "ACID"
0x204 0x4 Data size
0x208 0x4 Reserved
0x20C 0x4 Flags (bit0 = ProductionFlag, bit1 = UnqualifiedApproval, [5.0.0+] bit2-3: MemoryRegion (0 = Application, 1 = Applet, 2 = SecureSystem, 3 = NonSecureSystem) "starter" is set to Application and "nvservices" is set to NonSecureSystem)
0x210 0x8 ProgramIdMin
0x218 0x8 ProgramIdMax
0x220 0x4 #FS Access Control offset
0x224 0x4 #FS Access Control size
0x228 0x4 #Service Access Control offset
0x22C 0x4 #Service Access Control size
0x230 0x4 #Kernel Access Control offset
0x234 0x4 #Kernel Access Control size
0x238 0x8 Reserved

ACI0

Offset Size Description
0x0 0x4 Magicnum "ACI0"
0x4 0xC Reserved
0x10 0x8 ProgramId
0x18 0x8 Reserved
0x20 0x4 #FS Access Header offset
0x24 0x4 #FS Access Header size
0x28 0x4 #Service Access Control offset
0x2C 0x4 #Service Access Control size
0x30 0x4 #Kernel Access Control offset
0x34 0x4 #Kernel Access Control size
0x38 0x8 Reserved

FS Access Header

Offset Size Description
0x0 0x4 Version (always 1, must be non-zero)
0x4 0x8 Permissions bitmask
0xC 0x4 ContentOwnerInfoOffset
0x10 0x4 ContentOwnerInfoSize
0x14 0x4 SaveDataOwnerInfoOffset
0x18 0x4 SaveDataOwnerInfoSize
0x1C 0x4 (OPTIONAL) Amount of content owner id's
0x1C 0x8 * Content Owner ID's Content owner ID's as uint64's.
VARIABLE 0x4 Amount of save owner id's
VARIABLE 0x1 * Save data owner accessibilities (?) Sets flags for what save data owners can do with other applications save data (?)
VARIABLE (Pad to nearest 4 bytes) 0x8 * Amount of save owner ID's Save data owner ID's

FS Access Control

Offset Size Description
0x0 0x1 Version (always 1, must be non-zero)
0x1 0x3 Padding
0x4 0x8 Permissions bitmask
0xC 0x20 Reserved

Permissions bitmask:

Bit Name Description
0 ApplicationInfo MountContent* is accessible when set.
1 BootModeControl
2 Calibration
3 SystemSaveData
4 GameCard
5 SaveDataBackUp
6 SaveDataManagement
7 BisAllRaw
8 GameCardRaw
9 GameCardPrivate
10 SetTime
11 ContentManager
12 ImageManager
13 CreateSaveData
14 SystemSaveDataManagement
15 BisFileSystem
16 SystemUpdate
17 SaveDataMeta
18 DeviceSaveData
19 SettingsControl
20 SystemData
21 SdCard
22 Host
23 FillBis
24 CorruptSaveData
25 SaveDataForDebug
26 FormatSdCard
27 GetRightsId
28 RegisterExternalKey
29 RegisterUpdatePartition
30 SaveDataTransfer
31 DeviceDetection
32 AccessFailureResolution
33 SaveDataTransferVersion2
34-61 Reserved
62 Debug See here.
63 FullPermission Enables access to everything: all permission types which check a bitmask have this bit set.

Web-applets permissions:

  • "LibAppletWeb" and "LibAppletOff" have same access control: bit0 and bit3 set, and bit62 set.
  • Rest of the web-applets: Same as above except bit0 isn't set.

Service Access Control

This is a list of service-name strings which the title has access to, with the following structure: 

 +0: control_byte
 +1: {service-name without nul-terminator}

Bitmask 0x07 in control_byte is the {length of the service-name without nul-terminator} - 1.

Bitmask 0x80 in control_byte means IsServer (service is allowed to be registered).

The service string can contain a wildcard * character.

Kernel Access Control

On Switch, descriptors are identified by pattern 01..11 in low bits.

Pattern of lower bits Lowest clear bitmask/bit Type Fields
0bxxxxxxxxxxxx0111 Bit3 ThreadInfo Bit31-24: MaxCoreNumber, bit23-16: MinCoreNumber, bit15-10: HighestPriority, bit9-4: LowestPriority.
0bxxxxxxxxxxx01111 Bit4 EnableSystemCalls Bits29-31: SystemCallId; Bits5-28: Mask.
0bxxxxxxxxx0111111 Bit6 MemoryMap Bits7-30: Alternates between BeginAddress and Size, bit31: Alternates between Permission (MemoryPermission_RO or MemoryPermission_RW) and Type (MemoryType_Io or MemoryType_Static).
0bxxxxxxxx01111111 Bit7 MemoryMap (RW) Bits8-31: BeginAddress.
0bxxxxx01111111111 Bit10 [8.0.0+] MemoryRegionMap Bits 11-17: Region0, Bits 18-24: Region1, bits 25-31: Region2. Region is bit 0-6: MemoryRegionType, bit 7 = IsReadOnly.
0bxxxx011111111111 Bit11 EnableInterrupts Bits12-21: Irq0, bits22-31: Irq1, 0x3FF means empty.
0bxx01111111111111 Bit13 MiscParams Bit16-14: ProgramType (0 = System, 1 = Application, 2 = Applet), bit16 ignored. Parsed by Process Manager services. Defaults to 0 if descriptor doesn't exist. Can only run 1 application at a time.
0bx011111111111111 Bit14 KernelVersion Bits15-18: MinorVersion, bits19-31: MajorVersion. The raw descriptor is compared with 0x80000, when less than an error is returned. This is equivalent to comparing the bits starting at bit15 with 0x10. This enforces a minimum required version, not a maximum.
0b0111111111111111 Bit15 HandleTableSize Bit16-25: Number of handles the table shall fit.
0b1111111111111111 Bit16 MiscFlags Bit17: EnableDebug, bit18: ForceDebug.
All ones Ignored

Note: the 8.0.0+ MemoryRegionMap descriptor is supported by the kernel but not by Loader. Thus, only initial processes may possess this capability.

Mapping restrictions

The physaddr range 0x80060000-0x2000000000 is not allowed to be mapped as IO. The physaddr range 0x80000000-0x2000000000 is not allowed to be mapped as Normal.

[2.0.0-4.1.0] The range for IO was changed into 0x80060000-0x81D3FFFF.

[2.0.0-4.1.0] A blacklist was added for IO and Normal mappings:

  • 0x50040000-0x50060000 (ARM, Interrupt Controller)
  • 0x6000F000 (Exception Vectors)
  • 0x6001DC00-0x6001E000 (IPATCH)
  • 0x7000E000 (RTC/PMC)
  • 0x70019000 (MC)
  • 0x7001C000 (MC0)
  • 0x7001D000 (MC1)

[5.0.0+] For IO, this blacklist was abandoned and instead two range checks were added. For Normal mappings it is still applied

Kernel versions

Firmware Kernel Version Minimum Allowed
1.0.0 5.0.0 3.0.0
2.0.0 6.1.0 3.0.0
3.0.0 7.4.0 3.0.0
3.0.2 7.4.0 3.0.0
5.0.0 9.3.0 3.0.0

Bit31-19: Major version
Bit18-15: Minor version
Bit14-0: Zeroes

Retrieved from "https://switchbrew.org/w/index.php?title=NPDM&oldid=8557"