Kernel Loader

The Kernel Loader ("KernelLdr"/"Kernelldr") was added in 8.0.0. It is responsible for applying relocations to the Kernel, and mapping the Kernel's .text/.rodata/.data/.bss at a random slide.

Functions

KernelLdr is called immediately by the Kernel's crt0 (after it deprivileges from EL2 to EL1, if required), with the following signature:

   void KernelLdr_Main(uintptr_t kernel_base_address, KernelMap *kernel_map, uintptr_t ini1_base_address);

KernelLdr_Main

First, it clears BSS, and then sets SP = <BSS end>.

    for (uint64_t *i = __bss_start; i != __bss_end; i++) {
        *i = 0;
    }
    SP = __bss_end;

Next, it applies relocations to itself and calls its init array.

    KernelLdr_ApplyRelocations(&KernelLdr_Main, __dynamic_start);
    KernelLdr_libc_init_array();

Then, it calls the function which relocates the kernel, and jumps back to the kernel entrypoint.

    // KernelLdr_LoadKernel returns (relocated_kernel_base - original_kernel_base).
    uintptr_t kernel_relocation_offset = KernelLdr_LoadKernel(kernel_base, kernel_map, ini_base);
    
    // finalize called for static page allocator.
    g_InitialPageAllocator.Finalize();
    
    // Jumps back to the kernel code that called KernelLdr_Main.
    ((void (*)(void))(kernel_relocation_offset + LR))();

KernelLdr_ApplyRelocations

This does standard ELF relocation using .dynamic.

First, it iterates over all entries in .dynamic, extracting .rel.dyn, .rela.dyn, relent, relatent, relcount, relacount from the relevant entries.

Then it does the following two loops to apply R_AARCH64_RELATIVE relocations:

    for (size_t i = 0; i < rel_count; i++) {
        const Elf64_Rel *rel = dyn_rel_start + rel_ent * i;
        while (uint32_t(rel->r_info) != R_AARCH64_RELATIVE) { /* Invalid entry, infloops */ }
        *((Elf64_Addr *)(base_address + rel->r_offset)) += base_address;
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < rela_count; i++) {
        const Elf64_Rela *rela = dyn_rela_start + rela_ent * i;
        while (uint32_t(rela->r_info) != R_AARCH64_RELATIVE) { /* Invalid entry, infloops */ }
        *((Elf64_Addr *)(base_address + rela->r_offset)) = base_address + rela->r_addend;
    }

KernelLdr_libc_init_array()

This is just standard libc init array code. .init_array is empty in all available binaries.

KernelLdr_LoadKernel

First, it backs up the original kernel base, and then relocates the kernel physically to the upper half of DRAM if enough memory is available.

    // Backup kernel_base argument for use later
    original_kernel_base = kernel_base;
    
    // Move kernel elsewhere in DRAM if needed (unused in practice?)
    // This is maybe to support reserving unused memory for a second OS/hypervisor?
    KernelLdr_RelocateKernelPhysically(&kernel_base, &kernel_map);

Then it checks all of the kernel map's offsets (and the kernel base) for page alignment.

    // Read offsets from the kernel map, save on stack.
    text_offset           = kernel_map->text_offset;
    text_end_offset       = kernel_map->text_end_offset;
    ro_offset             = kernel_map->ro_offset;
    ro_end_offset         = kernel_map->ro_end_offset;
    rw_offset             = kernel_map->rw_offset;
    rw_end_offset         = kernel_map->rw_end_offset;
    bss_offset            = kernel_map->bss_offset;
    ini1_end_offset       = kernel_map->ini1_end_offset;
    dynamic_offset        = kernel_map->dynamic_offset;
    init_array_offset     = kernel_map->init_array_offset;
    init_array_end_offset = kernel_map->init_array_end_offset;

    // Check all offsets are appropriately aligned.
    while (kernel_base & 0xFFF) { }
    while (text_offset & 0xFFF) { }
    while (text_end_offset & 0xFFF) { }
    while (ro_offset & 0xFFF) { }
    while (ro_end_offset & 0xFFF) { }
    while (rw_offset & 0xFFF) { }
    while (rw_end_offset & 0xFFF) { }

Next, it relocates the INI1 to its appropriate load address.

    // If configured to do so, an extra 0x68000 bytes will be reserved for kernel usage.
    reserved_kernel_data_size = KernelLdr_ShouldReserveAdditionalKernelData() ? 0x1790000 : 0x1728000;

    // Calculate address at which to place INI1.
    ini1_end_address   = kernel_base + ini1_end_offset + reserved_kernel_data_size;
    ini1_load_address = ini1_end_address - 0xC00000;

    // Relocate INI1 if destination address isn't the input argument address
    if (ini1_load_address != ini1_address) {
        // Validate INI1 binary has correct magic and valid size.
        INI1Header *ini = (INI1Header *)ini1_address;
        if (ini->magic == MAGIC_INI1 && ini->size <= 0xC00000) {
            memmove(ini1_load_address, ini1_address, ini->size); // NOTE: No ToCToU, ini1->size is cached on stack.
        } else {
            // Invalid INI, place invalid header at load address. This will cause Kernel Panic later.
            memset(ini1_load_address, 0, sizeof(INI1Header));
        }
    }

Next, it initializes the MMU with a basic identity mapping for Kernel + KernelLdr.

// TODO: Fill this out with pseudocode.

Next, it generates a random KASLR slide for the Kernel.

// TODO: Fill this out with pseudocode.

Then, it maps the kernel and applies its .dynamic's relocations.

// TODO: Fill this out with pseudocode.

Then, it calls the kernel's libc .init_array functions.

// TODO: Fill this out with pseudocode.

Finally, it returns the difference between the kernel's original physical base address and the relocated kaslr'd virtual base address.

    return final_virtual_kernel_base - original_kernel_base;

KernelLdr_RelocateKernelPhysically

This retrieves memory layout information from the secure monitor, and adjusts the kernel's physical location if necessary.

    adjusted_kernel_base = KernelLdr_GetAdjustedKernelPhysicalBase(*p_kernel_base);

    if (adjusted_kernel_base != *p_kernel_base) {
        // Copy data to adjusted destination
        memmove(adjusted_kernel_base, *p_kernel_base, (*p_kernel_map)->data_end_offset);

        // Adjust pointers.
        kernel_base_diff = adjusted_kernel_base - *p_kernel_base;
        *p_kernel_base = (uintptr_t)*p_kernel_base + kernel_base_diff;
        *p_kernel_map  = (uintptr_t)*p_kernel_map  + kernel_base_diff;
    }

KernelLdr_GetAdjustedKernelPhysicalBase

This sees how much more memory is available than expected, and relocates the kernel accordingly.

Note: Panic (infloop) happens on any smc call error, this isn't depicted in pseudocode for brevity reasons.

    // Gets DRAM size information from Memory Controller
    dram_size_from_mc = (smc_read_write_register(MC_EMEM_CFG, 0, 0) & 0x3FFF) << 20;
    
    // Gets DRAM size information from Secure Monitor KernelConfiguration
    memory_type = (smc_get_config(ConfigItem_KernelConfiguration) >> 16) & 3;
    switch (memory_type) {
        case MemoryType_4GB: // 0
            dram_size_from_kernel_cfg = 0x100000000;
            break;
        case MemoryType_6GB: // 1
            dram_size_from_kernel_cfg = 0x180000000;
            break;
        case MemoryType_8GB: // 2
        default:
            dram_size_from_kernel_cfg = 0x200000000;
            break;
    }
    
    // On normal systems, these should be equal (and kernel will not be relocated).
    if (dram_size_from_mc < 2 * dram_size_from_kernel_cfg) {
        return kernel_base + (dram_size_from_mc - dram_size_from_kernel_cfg) / 2;
    } else {
        return kernel_base;
    }

KernelLdr_ShouldReserveAdditionalKernelData

This just gets a flag from the KernelConfiguration.

Note: Panic (infloop) happens on any smc call error, this isn't depicted in pseudocode for brevity reasons.

    return (smc_get_config(ConfigItem_KernelConfiguration) >> 3) & 1;

KInitialPageAllocator::KInitialPageAllocator

This sets the allocator's next address to 0 (guessed, since this is done statically in KernelLoader).

    constexpr KInitialPageAllocator::KInitialPageAllocator : next_address(0) {}

KInitialPageAllocator::Initialize

This sets the allocator's next address (function inferred as it is (presumably) inlined and next_address is (presumably) private).

    this->next_address = address;

KInitialPageAllocator::Finalize

This just clears the allocator's next address.

    this->next_address = 0;

KInitialPageAllocator::Allocate

This linearly allocates a page.

    virtual void *KInitialPageAllocator::Allocate() {
        void *address = reinterpret_cast<void *>(this->next_address);
        if (address == nullptr) {
            // If called on uninitialized allocator, panic by infinite looping
            while (true) {}
        }
        this->next_address += 0x1000;
        memset(address, 0, 0x1000);
        return address;
    }

KInitialPageAllocator::Free

This frees a page (implemented as noop in KernelLoader)

    virtual void KInitialPageAllocator::Free(void *address) {
        // Does Nothing
    }

Structures

KernelMap

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	4	.text offset
0x4	4	.text end offset
0x8	4	.rodata end offset
0xC	4	.rodata end offset
0x10	4	.rwdata offset
0x14	4	.rwdata end offset
0x18	4	.bss offset
0x1C	4	.bss end offset
0x20	4	INI1 end offset
0x24	4	.dynamic end offset
0x28	4	.init_array end offset
0x2C	4	.init_array end offset

KInitialPageAllocator

KInitialPageAllocator is just a simple linear allocator.

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	8	vtable;
0x8	8	Next Address;

KInitialPageAllocator::vtable

Offset	Size	Description
0x0	8	void *(*Allocate)(KInitialPageAllocator *this);
0x8	8	void (*Free)(KInitialPageAllocator *this, void *address);