Nintendo Switch Brew - User contributions [en]

XCI

2025-06-07T20:26:03Z

DarkMatterCore:

This is the format used for storing the contents of a Nintendo Switch Gamecard.

= Structure =
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x1000
| [[#CardKeyArea]]
|-
| 0x1000
| 0x200
| [[#CardHeader]]
|-
| 0x1200
| 0x200
| [11.0.0+] [[#NewCardHeader]]
|-
| 0x1400
| 0x400
| [11.0.0+] [[#NewCardHeaderCertArea]]
|-
| 0x1800
| 0x100
| [11.0.0+] NewCardHeaderCertAreaModulus
|-
| 0x1900
| 0x6700
| Reserved
|-
| 0x8000
| 0x8000
| [[#CertArea]]
|-
| 0x10000
| Variable
| [[#NormalArea]]
|-
| Variable
| Variable
| [[#RomArea]]
|-
| Invalid
| Invalid
| BackupArea
|}

== CardKeyArea ==
This region cannot be read directly once written to the Gamecard. Therefore, it is hidden away during read/write operations on the raw Gamecard data.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x200
| [[#InitialData]]
|-
| 0x200
| 0xD00
| [[#TitleKeyArea]]
|-
| 0xF00
| 0x100
| Reserved
|}

=== InitialData ===
This region is used for challenge–response authentication when changing to the Gamecard's secure mode.

[[Filesystem_services|FS]] calculates a SHA-256 hash over the whole 0x200 bytes and compares it with the hash stored at offset 0x160 in the [[#CardHeader]].

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x8
| Package ID from [[#CardHeader]] at offset 0x110
|-
| 0x8
| 0x8
| Reserved
|-
| 0x10
| 0x10
| Challenge–response authentication data
|-
| 0x20
| 0x10
| Challenge–response authentication MAC
|-
| 0x30
| 0xC
| Challenge–response authentication Nonce
|-
| 0x3C
| 0x1C4
| Reserved (must be empty)
|}

=== TitleKeyArea ===
This region is stored encrypted and contains the title keys used by the [[#InitialData]].

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x8
| TitleKey1
|-
| 0x8
| 0x8
| TitleKey2
|-
| 0x10
| 0xCF0
| Reserved
|}

== CardHeader ==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x100
| RSA-2048 PKCS #1 signature over the header (data from 0x100 to 0x200)
|-
| 0x100
| 0x4
| Magic ("HEAD")
|-
| 0x104
| 0x4
| RomAreaStartPageAddress (in Gamecard page units, which are 0x200 bytes)
|-
| 0x108
| 0x4
| BackupAreaStartPageAddress (always 0xFFFFFFFF)
|-
| 0x10C
| 0x1
| TitleKeyDecIndex (high nibble) and KekIndex (low nibble)
|-
| 0x10D
| 0x1
| [[#RomSize]]
|-
| 0x10E
| 0x1
| [[#Version]]
|-
| 0x10F
| 0x1
| [[#Flags]]
|-
| 0x110
| 0x8
| PackageId (used for challenge–response authentication)
|-
| 0x118
| 0x4
| ValidDataEndAddress (in Gamecard page units, which are 0x200 bytes)
|-
| 0x11C
| 0x4
| Reserved
|-
| 0x120
| 0x10
| Iv (reversed)
|-
| 0x130
| 0x8
| PartitionFsHeaderAddress
|-
| 0x138
| 0x8
| PartitionFsHeaderSize
|-
| 0x140
| 0x20
| PartitionFsHeaderHash (SHA-256 hash of the [[#PartitionFsHeader]])
|-
| 0x160
| 0x20
| InitialDataHash (SHA-256 hash of the [[#InitialData]])
|-
| 0x180
| 0x4
| [[#SelSec]]
|-
| 0x184
| 0x4
| SelT1Key (always 2)
|-
| 0x188
| 0x4
| SelKey (always 0)
|-
| 0x18C
| 0x4
| LimArea (in Gamecard page units, which are 0x200 bytes)
|-
| 0x190
| 0x70
| [[#CardHeaderEncryptedData]]
|}

=== RomSize ===
[[Filesystem_services|FS]] retrieves this data as [[Filesystem_services#GameCardSize|GameCardSize]].

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Value
! Description
|-
| 0xFA
| 1GB
|-
| 0xF8
| 2GB
|-
| 0xF0
| 4GB
|-
| 0xE0
| 8GB
|-
| 0xE1
| 16GB
|-
| 0xE2
| 32GB
|}

=== Version ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Value
! Description
|-
| 0
| Default
|-
| 1
|
|-
| 2
|
|-
| 3
| [20.0.0+] T2Supported
|}

=== Flags ===
[[Filesystem_services|FS]] retrieves this data as [[Filesystem_services#GameCardAttribute|GameCardAttribute]].

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Bits
! Description
|-
| 0
| AutoBoot
|-
| 1
| HistoryErase
|-
| 2
| [4.0.0+] RepairTool
|-
| 3
| [9.0.0+] DifferentRegionCupToTerraDevice
|-
| 4
| [9.0.0+] DifferentRegionCupToGlobalDevice
|-
| 7
| [11.0.0+] CardHeaderSignKey
|}

=== SelSec ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Value
! Description
|-
| 1
| T1
|-
| 2
| T2
|}

=== CardHeaderEncryptedData ===
This region is stored encrypted (AES-128-CBC).

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x8
| [[#FwVersion]]
|-
| 0x8
| 0x4
| [[#AccCtrl1]]
|-
| 0xC
| 0x4
| Wait1TimeRead (always 0x1388)
|-
| 0x10
| 0x4
| Wait2TimeRead (always 0)
|-
| 0x14
| 0x4
| Wait1TimeWrite (always 0)
|-
| 0x18
| 0x4
| Wait2TimeWrite (always 0)
|-
| 0x1C
| 0x4
| FwMode (the current SdkAddonVersion)
|-
| 0x20
| 0x4
| UppVersion
|-
| 0x24
| 0x1
| [9.0.0+] [[#CompatibilityType]]
|-
| 0x25
| 0x3
| Reserved
|-
| 0x28
| 0x8
| UppHash (SHA-256 hash of the [[#UpdatePartition]])
|-
| 0x30
| 0x8
| UppId (always 0x0100000000000816)
|-
| 0x38
| 0x38
| Reserved
|}

==== FwVersion ====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Value
! Description
|-
| 0
| Development
|-
| 1
| Retail
|-
| 2
| [4.0.0+] Retail
|-
| 3
| [11.0.0+] Development
|-
| 4
| [11.0.0+] Retail
|-
| 5
| [12.0.0+] Retail
|}

==== AccCtrl1 ====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Value
! Description
|-
| 0x00A10011
| 25MHz
|-
| 0x00A10010
| 50MHz
|}

==== CompatibilityType ====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Value
! Description
|-
| 0
| Normal
|-
| 1
| Terra
|}

== NewCardHeader ==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x100
| RSA-2048 PKCS #1 signature over the header (data from 0x100 to 0x200)
|-
| 0x100
| 0x4
| Magic ("HEAD")
|-
| 0x104
| 0x4
| RomAreaStartPageAddress (in Gamecard page units, which are 0x200 bytes)
|-
| 0x108
| 0x4
| BackupAreaStartPageAddress (always 0xFFFFFFFF)
|-
| 0x10C
| 0x1
| TitleKeyDecIndex (high nibble) and KekIndex (low nibble)
|-
| 0x10D
| 0x1
| [[#RomSize]]
|-
| 0x10E
| 0x1
| [[#Version]]
|-
| 0x10F
| 0x1
| [[#Flags]]
|-
| 0x110
| 0x8
| PackageId (used for challenge–response authentication)
|-
| 0x118
| 0x4
| ValidDataEndAddress (in Gamecard page units, which are 0x200 bytes)
|-
| 0x11C
| 0x1
| [20.0.0+] CardHeaderSignKeyIndex ([1.0.0-19.0.1] Reserved)
|-
| 0x11D
| 0x1
| [18.0.0+] [[#Flags2]] ([1.0.0-17.0.1] Reserved)
|-
| 0x11E
| 0x2
| [19.0.0+] [[#NumberOfApplicationIds]] ([1.0.0-18.1.0] Reserved)
|-
| 0x120
| 0x10
| Iv (reversed)
|-
| 0x130
| 0x8
| PartitionFsHeaderAddress
|-
| 0x138
| 0x8
| PartitionFsHeaderSize
|-
| 0x140
| 0x20
| PartitionFsHeaderHash (SHA-256 hash of the [[#PartitionFsHeader]])
|-
| 0x160
| 0x20
| InitialDataHash (SHA-256 hash of the [[#InitialData]])
|-
| 0x180
| 0x4
| [[#SelSec]]
|-
| 0x184
| 0x4
| SelT1Key (always 2)
|-
| 0x188
| 0x4
| SelKey (always 0)
|-
| 0x18C
| 0x4
| LimArea (in Gamecard page units, which are 0x200 bytes)
|-
| 0x190
| 0x70
| [[#NewCardHeaderEncryptedData]]
|}

=== Flags2 ===
[[Filesystem_services|FS]] retrieves this data as [[Filesystem_services#GameCardAttribute2|GameCardAttribute2]].

=== NumberOfApplicationIds ===
This is the number of entries in the ApplicationIdList located right before ValidDataEndAddress.

=== NewCardHeaderEncryptedData ===
This region is stored encrypted (AES-128-CBC).

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x8
| [[#FwVersion]]
|-
| 0x8
| 0x4
| [[#AccCtrl1]]
|-
| 0xC
| 0x4
| Wait1TimeRead (always 0x1388)
|-
| 0x10
| 0x4
| Wait2TimeRead (always 0)
|-
| 0x14
| 0x4
| Wait1TimeWrite (always 0)
|-
| 0x18
| 0x4
| Wait2TimeWrite (always 0)
|-
| 0x1C
| 0x4
| FwMode (the current SdkAddonVersion)
|-
| 0x20
| 0x4
| UppVersion
|-
| 0x24
| 0x1
| [[#CompatibilityType]]
|-
| 0x25
| 0x3
| Reserved
|-
| 0x28
| 0x8
| UppHash (SHA-256 hash of the [[#UpdatePartition]])
|-
| 0x30
| 0x8
| UppId (always 0x0100000000000816)
|-
| 0x38
| 0x8
| Reserved
|-
| 0x40
| 0x20
| RelatedCardHeaderHash (SHA-256 hash of [[#CardHeader]])
|-
| 0x60
| 0x10
| Reserved
|}

== NewCardHeaderCertArea ==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x100
| RSA-2048 PKCS #1 signature over the data from 0x100 to 0x400
|-
| 0x100
| 0x4
| Magic
|-
| 0x104
| 0x4
| Version
|-
| 0x108
| 0x8
|
|-
| 0x110
| 0x1
| CardHeaderSignKeyIndex
|-
| 0x111
| 0x1F
| Reserved
|-
| 0x130
| 0x100
| Modulus
|-
| 0x230
| 0x3
| PublicExponent
|-
| 0x233
| 0x1CD
| Reserved
|}

== CertArea ==
This is the Gamecard's unique certificate.

[[Filesystem_services|FS]] retrieves this data with [[Filesystem_services#GetGameCardDeviceCertificate|GetGameCardDeviceCertificate]].

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x100
| RSA-2048 PKCS #1 signature over the data from 0x100 to 0x200
|-
| 0x100
| 0x4
| Magic ("CERT")
|-
| 0x104
| 0x4
| Version
|-
| 0x108
| 0x1
| KekIndex
|-
| 0x109
| 0x7
| Reserved
|-
| 0x110
| 0x10
| T1CardDeviceId
|-
| 0x120
| 0x10
| Iv
|-
| 0x130
| 0x10
| HwKey (encrypted)
|-
| 0x140
| 0xC0
| Reserved (encrypted)
|-
| 0x200
| 0x7E00
| Reserved
|}

== NormalArea ==
This region contains all non-secure partitions of the Gamecard file system.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| Variable
| Variable
| [[#PartitionFsHeader|RootPartitionHeader]]
|-
| Variable
| Variable
| [[#PartitionFsHeader|UpdatePartitionHeader]]
|-
| Variable
| Variable
| [[#UpdatePartition|UpdatePartition]]
|-
| Variable
| Variable
| [4.0.0+] [[#PartitionFsHeader|LogoPartitionHeader]]
|-
| Variable
| Variable
| [4.0.0+] [[#LogoPartition|LogoPartition]]
|-
| Variable
| Variable
| [[#PartitionFsHeader|NormalPartitionHeader]]
|-
| Variable
| Variable
| [[#NormalPartition|NormalPartition]]
|}

=== UpdatePartition ===
This partition contains .cnmt.nca + .nca files for the entire system update required to play the game. Launch day carts contain a full copy of 1.0 ncas, newer carts contain newer sysupdate NCAs etc.

=== NormalPartition ===
This partition contains the .cnmt.nca and the game icondata nca. This is presumably for future compatibility so that if a future update changes the cryptographic protocol for the secure partition. Game icon data can still be shown in the home menu on old firmwares.

[4.0.0+] This partition is now empty.

=== LogoPartition ===
[4.0.0+] This partition now contains the contents of the [[#NormalPartition]].

== RomArea ==
This region contains all secure partitions of the Gamecard file system.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| Variable
| Variable
| [[#PartitionFsHeader|SecurePartitionHeader]]
|-
| Variable
| Variable
| [[#SecurePartition|SecurePartition]]
|}

=== SecurePartition ===
This partition contains an identical copy of the .cnmt.nca and game icondata nca, as well as all other ncas required for the game.

== PartitionFs ==
This is the Gamecard file system which starts with magicnum "HFS0".

=== PartitionFsHeader ===
The "SHA-256 File System" or "HFS0" starts at offset 0x10000 in the Gamecard. The first 0x200 bytes act as a global header and represent the root partition which points to the other partitions ("normal", "logo", "update" and "secure").

A hash for this header is stored at offset 0x140 in the [[#CardHeader]].

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x4
| Magic ("HFS0")
|-
| 0x4
| 0x4
| FileCount
|-
| 0x8
| 0x4
| StringTableSize
|-
| 0xC
| 0x4
| Reserved
|-
| 0x10
| X
| [[#FileEntryTable]]
|-
| 0x10 + X
| Y
| StringTable
|-
| 0x10 + X + Y
| Z
| RawFileData
|}

==== FileEntryTable ====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0
| 0x8
| Offset of file in Data
|-
| 0x8
| 0x8
| Size of file in Data
|-
| 0x10
| 0x4
| Offset of filename in String Table
|-
| 0x14
| 0x4
| Size of Hashed region of file (for HFS0s, this is the size of the pre-filedata portion, for NCAs this is usually 0x200)
|-
| 0x18
| 8
| Zero/Reserved
|-
| 0x20
| 0x20
| SHA-256 hash of the first (size of hashed region) bytes of filedata
|}

The string table is 00-padded to align the start of raw filedata with a sector/media unit boundary (usually?).

Ticket

2023-10-15T22:08:49Z

DarkMatterCore:

Tickets are a format used to store an encrypted title key. The format has been updated again since 3DS.

== Structure ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x000 || Y || Signature data
|-
| Y || 0x2C0 || Ticket data
|}

Y denotes the total size of the "signature data" section and depends on the signature type.

=== Signature data ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0 || 0x4 || Signature type
|-
| 0x4 || X || Signature
|-
| 0x4 + X || || Padding to align the signature data to 0x40 bytes
|}

==== Signature type ====

{| class="wikitable"
! Value
! Signature method
! Signature size
! Padding size
|-
| 0x010000
| RSA-4096 PKCS#1 v1.5 with SHA-1
| 0x200
| 0x3C
|-
| 0x010001
| RSA-2048 PKCS#1 v1.5 with SHA-1
| 0x100
| 0x3C
|-
| 0x010002
| ECDSA with SHA-1
| 0x3C
| 0x40
|-
| 0x010003
| RSA-4096 PKCS#1 v1.5 with SHA-256
| 0x200
| 0x3C
|-
| 0x010004
| RSA-2048 PKCS#1 v1.5 with SHA-256
| 0x100
| 0x3C
|-
| 0x010005
| ECDSA with SHA-256
| 0x3C
| 0x40
|-
| 0x010006
| HMAC-SHA1-160
| 0x14
| 0x28
|}

The hash for the signature is calculated over the ticket data.

=== Ticket data ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0 || 0x40 || Issuer
|-
| 0x40 || 0x100 || Title key block
|-
| 0x140 || 0x1 || Ticket Version (Always 2 for Switch (ES) Tickets)
|-
| 0x141 || 0x1 || Title key type
|-
| 0x142 || 0x2 || Ticket Version
|-
| 0x144 || 0x1 || License Type
|-
| 0x145 || 0x1 || Master key revision
|-
| 0x146 || 0x2 || Properties Bitfield
|-
| 0x148 || 0x8 || Reserved
|-
| 0x150 || 0x8 || Ticket ID
|-
| 0x158 || 0x8 || Device ID
|-
| 0x160 || 0x10 || Rights ID
|-
| 0x170 || 0x4 || Account ID
|-
| 0x174 || 0xC || Unknown
|-
| 0x180 || 0x140 || Unknown
|}

The title key can be stored as a 16-byte block when tickets are "common" [2.0.0+] with title key type 0, or as a "personalized" RSA-2048 message when title key type is 1. The latter is used for titles requiring stronger licensing (applications, add-on content), while the former (old) method is used for patches.

When RSA is used, this uses an SPL key handle that is initialized with the console-unique RSA-2048 ticket key.

== Certificate chain ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Certificate
! Signature type
! Retail cert name
! Debug cert name
! Description
|-
| Ticket
| RSA-2048
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | XS00000020
| Used to verify ticket signatures using AES title key block ("common" tickets)
|-
| Ticket
| RSA-2048
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | XS00000021
| Used to verify ticket signatures using RSA title key block ("personalized" tickets)
|-
| Ticket
| RSA-2048
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [9.0.0+] XS00000024
| Used to verify ticket signatures using RSA title key block ("personalized" tickets)
|-
| CA
| RSA-4096
| style="text-align:center;" | CA00000003
| style="text-align:center;" | CA00000004
| Used to verify the ticket certificate
|}

The CA certificate is issued by 'Root', the public key for which is stored in ES.

Ticket

2023-10-14T13:35:23Z

DarkMatterCore: Update debug cert names + change certificate chain table entry order

Tickets are a format used to store an encrypted title key. The format has been updated again since 3DS.

== Structure ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x000 || Y || Signature data
|-
| Y || 0x2C0 || Ticket data
|}

Y denotes the total size of the "signature data" section and depends on the signature type.

=== Signature data ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0 || 0x4 || Signature type
|-
| 0x4 || X || Signature
|-
| 0x4 + X || || Padding to align the signature data to 0x40 bytes
|}

==== Signature type ====

{| class="wikitable"
! Value
! Signature method
! Signature size
! Padding size
|-
| 0x010000
| RSA_4096 SHA1
| 0x200
| 0x3C
|-
| 0x010001
| RSA_2048 SHA1
| 0x100
| 0x3C
|-
| 0x010002
| ECDSA SHA1
| 0x3C
| 0x40
|-
| 0x010003
| RSA_4096 SHA256
| 0x200
| 0x3C
|-
| 0x010004
| RSA_2048 SHA256
| 0x100
| 0x3C
|-
| 0x010005
| ECDSA SHA256
| 0x3C
| 0x40
|}

The hash for the signature is calculated over the ticket data.

=== Ticket data ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Offset
! Size
! Description
|-
| 0x0 || 0x40 || Issuer
|-
| 0x40 || 0x100 || Title key block
|-
| 0x140 || 0x1 || Ticket Version (Always 2 for Switch (ES) Tickets)
|-
| 0x141 || 0x1 || Title key type
|-
| 0x142 || 0x2 || Ticket Version
|-
| 0x144 || 0x1 || License Type
|-
| 0x145 || 0x1 || Master key revision
|-
| 0x146 || 0x2 || Properties Bitfield
|-
| 0x148 || 0x8 || Reserved
|-
| 0x150 || 0x8 || Ticket ID
|-
| 0x158 || 0x8 || Device ID
|-
| 0x160 || 0x10 || Rights ID
|-
| 0x170 || 0x4 || Account ID
|-
| 0x174 || 0xC || Unknown
|-
| 0x180 || 0x140 || Unknown
|}

The title key can be stored as a 16-byte block when tickets are "common" [2.0.0+] with title key type 0, or as a "personalized" RSA-2048 message when title key type is 1. The latter is used for titles requiring stronger licensing (applications, add-on content), while the former (old) method is used for patches.

When RSA is used, this uses an SPL key handle that is initialized with the console-unique RSA-2048 ticket key.

== Certificate chain ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Certificate
! Signature type
! Retail cert name
! Debug cert name
! Description
|-
| Ticket
| RSA-2048
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | XS00000020
| Used to verify ticket signatures using AES title key block ("common" tickets)
|-
| Ticket
| RSA-2048
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | XS00000021
| Used to verify ticket signatures using RSA title key block ("personalized" tickets)
|-
| CA
| RSA-4096
| CA00000003
| CA00000004
| Used to verify the ticket certificate
|}

The CA certificate is issued by 'Root', the public key for which is stored in ES.

Talk:XCI

2021-04-06T23:13:53Z

DarkMatterCore: Created page with "== CardInfo UppHash value == I have successfully decrypted the <code>CardInfo</code> area from a personal gamecard dump retrieved through my own application ([https://github...."

== CardInfo UppHash value ==

I have successfully decrypted the <code>CardInfo</code> area from a personal gamecard dump retrieved through my own application ([https://github.com/DarkMatterCore/nxdumptool nxdumptool]). The AES-CBC key for this area was manually retrieved from a FS process memory dump at runtime, much like [https://github.com/shchmue/Lockpick vanilla Lockpick] used to work.

The wiki page mentions that the <code>UppHash</code> field represents the SHA-256 checksum from <code>UpdatePartition</code> - the question is, how is this checksum calculated? I have tried to use different start offsets and sizes, and none of the generated SHA-256 checksums holds a matching byte sequence:

* Hashing the full update partition (starting at the <code>HFS0</code> magic word, and using the full partition size specified in the root partition).
* Hashing the update partition without zero padding (starting at the <code>HFS0</code> magic word, and ending right after the data for the last file entry).
* Hashing the raw update partition data (starting right after the HFS string table, and using the full partition size *minus* the full HFS header size).
* Hashing the raw update partition data without zero padding (starting right after the HFS string table, and ending right after the data for the last file entry).

It's worth noting that all offsets and sizes are page-aligned. The start offsets for both the partition header and raw partition data are always page-aligned, and the partition size without zero padding is also page-aligned.

I have no actual use for this information - it's just something I'd like to comprehend and document, if possible. Thanks in advance. [[User:DarkMatterCore|DarkMatterCore]] ([[User talk:DarkMatterCore|talk]]) 01:13, 7 April 2021 (UTC)